世界生命科学前沿动态周报(三十三)

2010年-11月-28日 来源:mebo

(11.22 -- 11.28 / 2010)
美宝国际集团:陶国新 

  本周动态包括以下内容:生长因子TGF-β2和BMP4可使成熟细胞转化为成人干细胞;脂肪组织可生成免疫细胞;预设基因线路可指示人体细胞按需分化;无需动物实验即可快速筛选抗癌药物;恢复p53功能为主的肿瘤疗法的局限性;蛋白酶体助生殖细胞“返老还童”  。

1. 生长因子TGF-β2和BMP4可使成熟细胞转化为成人干细胞
【摘要】
  据美国物理学家组织网11月21日报道,哈佛医学院和哈佛牙科学院的研究人员在11月21日出版的《自然—医学》杂志上撰文指出,通过模拟一种罕见的遗传疾病,他们能够让成熟细胞回到成人干细胞状态,新获得的这种干细胞能分化成各种不同类型的细胞,在培养皿和动物身上进行的试验都获得了成功。哈佛医学院的细胞生物学家、哈佛牙科学院院长布约恩·奥尔森表示,新发现在个性化医疗和组织工程学领域具有重要意义。进行性骨化性纤维增殖不良症(FOP)是一种罕见的先天性致残性疾病,全球约有1000名患者,其临床表现为病人的骨骼肌和软结缔组织会慢慢骨化而导致身体变得僵硬,目前还没有有效治疗方法。
  哈佛医学院和波士顿贝斯以色列女执事医疗中心的医学指导员戴米恩·美第奇发现,与普通骨骼组织不同的是,FOP病人体内病态的软骨和骨头细胞中包含有内皮细胞的生物标记。这让他产生了一个疑问,病人的软骨和骨头是否起源于内皮细胞呢?美第奇和同事将引发FOP的变异基因转变为了正常的内皮细胞。令人意想不到的是,内皮细胞接着转化为了一种新的细胞类型,这种细胞能够分裂为骨头、软骨、肌肉、脂肪甚至神经细胞的成人干细胞或骨髓间充质干细胞。进一步的实验发现,不通过变异的基因来诱导这种转变,研究人员也能够使用两种特定的蛋白质(生长因子TGF-beta2和BMP4)中的任何一种来培养内皮细胞,这些蛋白质的细胞交互作用模仿了变异基因的作用,这给科学家提供了一种更有效的重组细胞的方法。之后,研究人员将这些重组的细胞分别放入培养皿中和动物身上,它们最终发育成了一组相关的组织类型。
  美第奇表示,这些新的细胞同骨髓间充质干细胞并不完全一样,厘清这点非常重要,但它们都具备类似于骨髓间充质干细胞的潜力和可塑性。奥尔森称,这套系统的强大性在于,这只是一个自然过程的重复,从这个意义上来说,与目前其他对细胞进行重组的方法相比,其人工干预更少。全球FOP领域的专家、宾夕法尼亚州大学医学院的整形外科分子医学教授弗雷德里克·卡普兰也是该研究的合作者,他表示,新发现让人们首次知道如何利用这个过程来制造病人急需的额外骨骼。美第奇和奥尔森回应称,这些发现最直接的应用将是组织工程学和个性化医疗领域。科学家相信,某一天,接受移植的病人可能会提取出自己的内皮细胞,然后进行重组,接着就可以长成他们需要的组织类型来用于移植,并且不会出现排斥反应。(来源:科技日报 发布时间:2010-11-24 13:30:59)

【点评】
  该项研究提供了一种非基因重组方式体外培育内皮细胞转化为干细胞,因为减少了人为干预,能为细胞移植提供更好的细胞源。如果此类干细胞培育技术可以像原位再生医学一样在活体上安全有效地实现,就可以避免细胞移植及其副作用。

【原文摘录】Nature Medicine (2010) doi:10.1038/nm.2252
Conversion of vascular endothelial cells into multipotent stem-like cells
Damian Medici, Eileen M Shore, Vitali Y Lounev, et al.
Mesenchymal stem cells can give rise to several cell types, but varying results depending on isolation methods and tissue source have led to controversies about their usefulness in clinical medicine. Here we show that vascular endothelial cells can transform into multipotent stem-like cells by an activin-like kinase-2 (ALK2) receptor–dependent mechanism. In lesions from individuals with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a disease in which heterotopic ossification occurs as a result of activating ALK2 mutations, or from transgenic mice expressing constitutively active ALK2, chondrocytes and osteoblasts expressed endothelial markers. Lineage tracing of heterotopic ossification in mice using a Tie2-Cre construct also suggested an endothelial origin of these cell types. Expression of constitutively active ALK2 in endothelial cells caused endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and acquisition of a stem cell–like phenotype. Similar results were obtained by treatment of untransfected endothelial cells with the ligands transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) or bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) in an ALK2-dependent manner. These stem-like cells could be triggered to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes or adipocytes. We suggest that conversion of endothelial cells to stem-like cells may provide a new approach to tissue engineering.

2. 脂肪组织可生成免疫细胞
【摘要】
  法国国家科研中心11月22日发表公报称,该机构的研究人员日前发现,老鼠的脂肪组织能够生成对抗过敏和发炎的免疫细胞,这一研究成果颠覆了科学界以前的观点,有助于新药的研制。公报称,脂肪组织不仅是油脂的“储存库”,它在生物新陈代谢过程中也发挥着重要作用,例如白色脂肪组织中就含有血液中的巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞,这些造血细胞在白色脂肪组织中约占20%。此前人们一直认为,这些造血细胞只能来自骨髓,是从造血干细胞中分离出来的。不过国家科研中心的研究人员却得出了不同的结论,他们通过实验发现,老鼠的脂肪组织本身就能够生成造血干细胞,后者除了分化出造血细胞,还会分化出肥大细胞。肥大细胞是一种免疫细胞,在肌体抗击过敏和发炎中发挥着至关重要的作用。
  研究人员表示,肥大细胞在免疫系统中无处不在,其作用远比人们想象的要大,而脂肪组织通常占到一个成人体重的10%到50%,如果他们能够进一步证明,人体的脂肪组织也能生成肥大细胞,那么将给造血和免疫系统疾病患者带来希望。该研究成果已经发表在最新一期的美国《干细胞》杂志上。(来源:新华社 李学梅)

【点评】
  这一发现进一步将脂肪组织和免疫系统紧密联系在一起。同时也进一步证明脂肪组织能储存和生产干细胞。

【原文摘录】STEM CELLS 2010;28:2065–2072
Adipose Tissue as a Dedicated Reservoir of Functional Mast Cell Progenitors
Sandrine Poglio, Fabienne De Toni-Costes, Emmanuelle Arnaud, et al.
White adipose tissue (WAT) is a heterogeneous tissue, found in various locations throughout the body, containing mature adipocytes and the stroma-vascular fraction (SVF). The SVF includes a large proportion of immune hematopoietic cells, among which, mast cells that contribute to diet-induced obesity. In this study, we asked whether mast cells present in mice adipose tissue could derive from hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) identified in the tissue. We therefore performed both in vitro and in vivo experiments dedicated to monitoring the progeny of WAT-derived HSPC. The entire study was conducted in parallel with bone marrow-derived cells, considered the gold standard for hematopoietic-lineage studies. Here, we demonstrate that adipose-derived HSPC contain a precursor-cell population committed to the mast cell lineage, and able to efficiently home to peripheral organs such as intestine and skin, where it acquires properties of functional tissue mast cells. Additionally, WAT contains a significant mast cell progenitor population, suggesting that the entire mast cell lineage process take place in WAT. Considering the quantitative importance of WAT in the adult organism and the increasing roles recently assigned to mast cells in physiopathology, WAT may represent an important source of mast cells in physiological and pathological situations.

3.  预设基因线路可指示人体细胞按需分化

【摘要】
  据《自然》网站11月25日报道,美国生物学家研究出一种基因线路,可以按照需要编制程序,指示细胞对想要的信号作出响应。这项技术有着广泛用途,比如诱导干细胞分化成体内的不同组织,或在营养不良时激活植物的防御机制等。相关研究发表在11月26日出版的《科学》杂志上。“从广泛意义上讲,就是对细胞的行为和决策进行控制,让其对任何感兴趣的蛋白质作出反应。”负责该项研究的加利福尼亚斯坦福大学生物工程师克里斯蒂娜·斯莫克说,其主要难点在于如何控制细胞行为,以及如何开发细胞路径。
  为此,研究小组制造了一段DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)作为基因线路,将其插入细胞转录到RNA(核糖核酸)中后,它会去探寻细胞内部是否存在某种特殊的目标蛋白质,一旦找到,线路就会给这种蛋白质编码。比如,其中一种线路包含了一种酶的基因,这种酶能让细胞对抗病毒药物更昔洛韦(ganciclovir)更加敏感。研究人员在基因序列中插入一个停止信号,以防止细胞通过信使RNA生成工作蛋白质,而到下一个停止信号时,它们会编码一小段RNA作为一个适配子,识别一种叫做beta-联蛋白的信号蛋白质(在某些肿瘤中beta-联蛋白会被过度复制),找到目标后适配子就会与其结合,由此会让细胞与信使DNA以某种方式铰接,从而清除停止信号以产生酶。为了检验设计线路的效果,他们激活人体细胞产生额外的beta-联蛋白,让它们变得像癌细胞,然后用更昔洛韦来治疗,结果显示,含有编制线路的细胞都被药物杀死了。
  斯莫克说,一条线路里有多个适配子感受器,能对不同类型的蛋白质起不同的反应。从理论上,这种线路能包含任何基因,也可以设计适配子来识别任何蛋白质。通过扭转这种线路里的“线”,能让细胞不仅对存在的蛋白质发生响应,还能对缺失的蛋白质发生响应。加利福尼亚劳伦斯·伯克利国家实验室的系统与合成生物学家亚当·阿金说,新技术在灵活性上是一种突破。在利用细胞信号方面,其他研究倾向于作为一种“一次性的预设工程”(one-offs of bespoke engineering),而斯莫克的线路可以用在不同类型的细胞中,开发更为广泛的生物路径。斯莫克认为,这种“细胞黑客”线路(Cell-hacking circuit)要进入临床应用还需再等几年,但与其他实验性治疗相结合,他们最终将能够控制其在体内发挥作用时的位置和时机。比如,通过指示多功能干细胞对体内的蛋白质踪迹信号发生响应,让它们生出多种组织,分化成希望的样子;或让含有特定线路的杀癌免疫细胞能免受健康细胞的攻击。来源:科技日报 发布时间:2010-11-27 9:40:28

【点评】
  对细胞的行为和决策进行控制,这是明显的人为干预企图,如果无法确保这种干预只是出现在正确的时间、地点和事件上,那么它的存在只会扰乱细胞正常的生理代谢。

【原文摘录】Science 2010: Vol. 330 no. 6008 pp. 1251-1255 DOI: 10.1126/science.1192128
Reprogramming Cellular Behavior with RNA Controllers Responsive to Endogenous Proteins
Stephanie J. Culler1, Kevin G. Hoff1 and Christina D. Smolke
Synthetic genetic devices that interface with native cellular pathways can be used to change natural networks to implement new forms of control and behavior. The engineering of gene networks has been limited by an inability to interface with native components. We describe a class of RNA control devices that overcome these limitations by coupling increased abundance of particular proteins to targeted gene expression events through the regulation of alternative RNA splicing. We engineered RNA devices that detect signaling through the nuclear factor κB and Wnt signaling pathways in human cells and rewire these pathways to produce new behaviors, thereby linking disease markers to noninvasive sensing and reprogrammed cellular fates. Our work provides a genetic platform that can build programmable sensing-actuation devices enabling autonomous control over cellular behavior.

4. 无需动物实验即可快速筛选抗癌药物

【摘要】科技日报 2010-11-23 10:15:12
  美国斯坦福大学医学院首次成功地在组织培养皿中将人体正常细胞转变成三维癌细胞组织。该研究成果提供了观察细胞如何分裂和侵入周围组织的全新途径,有助于更好地认识癌症在人体内的行为,同时可望在无需动物实验的情况下进行快速和廉价的抗癌药物测试。研究成果发表在21日出版的《自然·医学》杂志网络版上。
  斯坦福大学医学院皮肤科主任保罗·卡瓦里博士表示,利用动物模式,上述实验通常需要数月的时间才能完成,而现在只需数天。据悉,研究人员的研究重点是上皮细胞,而上皮细胞癌症大约占人类癌症发病率的90%。研究人员使用的人体正常细胞取自皮肤、宫颈、食道和咽喉。为让正常细胞发生癌变,他们首先用病毒去影响可导致细胞失控生长的两个已知基因通道,并发现同时更改这两个基因通道是令正常细胞转化的有效途径。然后,研究人员将出现初期癌变的上皮细胞植入装有人体其他皮肤成分的组织培养皿中。观察结果显示,上皮细胞首先附着在培养皿内的基膜上,并形成了看上去是正常的三维横截面皮肤;然而在大约6天后,细胞开始出现恶兆性变化,它们穿透了基膜,并侵入下面的基质组织中。卡瓦里说:“这反映的是人体肿瘤所发生的自然现象。通常,细胞从早期恶性状态变为侵入性癌症需要数年的时间。只有在这种完好的人体组织模型环境下,细胞变化才会发展得更快。”此外,在对培养出的癌症细胞进行分析后,研究人员发现其形状与人体内自然生长的癌细胞相符。利用新开发的癌细胞组织培养皿,研究人员对20种实验性抗癌药物进行了测试,并追踪到3种实验药物能够让上皮细胞停止侵入基膜,显示出它们可成为潜在的候选药物。虽然候选药物能否最终开发成抗癌药物还需要进行优化后用于动物实验,但是利用癌细胞组织培养皿进行先期筛选的手段可以让研究人员缩小选择范围。要强调的是,上述20种抗癌药物中大多数本身不易在动物体进行测试,其原因在于,以它们目前的形态还存在难以管理和毒性等问题。
  三维癌细胞培养环境还显示,基质细胞本身以某种方式促进了癌变上皮细胞的侵入,这些细胞并不需要急剧分裂而达到侵入基膜的目的。卡瓦里表示,他们现在能够从不同的人体组织培养出多种肿瘤,获得了可能反映人体肿瘤自然产生现象的新途径。然而他同时指出,新的研究模式没有包含人体其他的生物因素,如免疫系统和新陈代谢。

【点评】
  利用这一人工癌变模型,在组织培养皿中进行先期筛选,的确可以缩小那些不易处理的候选药物的范围,只是可靠性还有待验证。另一方面,现在的科学对于将正常细胞变成癌细胞是越来越有办法了,但是对于如何将癌细胞变成正常细胞还是一筹莫展。

【原文摘录】Nature Medicine (21 November 2010) doi:10.1038/nm.2265
Invasive three-dimensional organotypic neoplasia from multiple normal human epithelia
Todd W Ridky, Jennifer M Chow, David J Wong, Paul A Khavari
Refined cancer models are required if researchers are to assess the burgeoning number of potential targets for cancer therapeutics in a clinically relevant context that allows a fast turnaround. Here we use tumor-associated genetic pathways to transform primary human epithelial cells from the epidermis, oropharynx, esophagus and cervix into genetically defined tumors in a human three-dimensional (3D) tissue environment that incorporates cell-populated stroma and intact basement membrane. These engineered organotypic tissues recapitulated natural features of tumor progression, including epithelial invasion through basement membrane, a complex process that is necessary for biological malignancy in 90% of human cancers. Invasion was rapid and was potentiated by stromal cells. Oncogenic signals in 3D tissue, but not 2D culture, resembled gene expression profiles from spontaneous human cancers. We screened 3D organotypic neoplasia with well-characterized signaling pathway inhibitors to distill a clinically faithful cancer gene signature. Multitissue 3D human tissue cancer models may provide an efficient and relevant complement to current approaches to characterizing cancer progression.

5. 恢复p53功能为主的肿瘤疗法的局限性

【摘要】Nature 2010-11-25 17:37:09
  p53 肿瘤抑制通道的失活是人类癌症的一个普遍特征,所以人们便想,恢复已形成的肿瘤中的p53 功能也许会是一种有效疗法。然而,本期Nature上两篇论文突显了以p53为方向的癌症疗法在实践上的局限性。他们在一个K-Ras-driven肺癌模型中发现,由p53调控的肿瘤抑制只在肿瘤发展的后期阶段才发挥作用,这个时候K-Ras致癌信号已达到足以激活ARF-p53通道的阈限。这意味着p53的重新表达未能抑制肿瘤发生的早期阶段,尽管它的确诱导了更为激进的肿瘤的退行。

【点评】
  p53的重新表达不能抑制早期肿瘤的发生,癌变的产生是多因素事件,在细胞活动的整体网络里,单一因素只能起到部分作用,它依然受其他因素影响。

【原文摘录】Nature 468, 567-571 (24 November 2010) doi:10.1038/nature09526
Selective activation of p53-mediated tumour suppression in high-grade tumours
Melissa R. Junttila, Anthony N. Karnezis, Daniel Garcia, et al.
Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with an overall 5-year survival rate of only 10–15%. Deregulation of the Ras pathway is a frequent hallmark of NSCLC, often through mutations that directly activate Kras. p53 is also frequently inactivated in NSCLC and, because oncogenic Ras can be a potent trigger of p53, it seems likely that oncogenic Ras signalling has a major and persistent role in driving the selection against p53. Hence, pharmacological restoration of p53 is an appealing therapeutic strategy for treating this disease. Here we model the probable therapeutic impact of p53 restoration in a spontaneously evolving mouse model of NSCLC initiated by sporadic oncogenic activation of endogenous Kras. Surprisingly, p53 restoration failed to induce significant regression of established tumours, although it did result in a significant decrease in the relative proportion of high-grade tumours. This is due to selective activation of p53 only in the more aggressive tumour cells within each tumour. Such selective activation of p53 correlates with marked upregulation in Ras signal intensity and induction of the oncogenic signalling sensor p19ARF. Our data indicate that p53-mediated tumour suppression is triggered only when oncogenic Ras signal flux exceeds a critical threshold. Importantly, the failure of low-level oncogenic Kras to engage p53 reveals inherent limits in the capacity of p53 to restrain early tumour evolution and in the efficacy of therapeutic p53 restoration to eradicate cancers.

6. 蛋白酶体助生殖细胞“返老还童”
【摘要】
  “返老还童”在自然界真的存在吗?法国里昂的科学家在线虫生殖过程中首次发现卵母细胞在受精前的某一刻“返老还童”。首先,他们发现生殖细胞也会变老,积累羰基化和氧化的损伤蛋白,更主要的是,他们观察到在卵母细胞成熟的某一精确时刻,蛋白氧化水平会突然降低,这是由于蛋白酶体对损伤蛋白进行了“清洗”,使其“返老还童”。

【点评】
  生殖细胞的“返老还童”避免将老化信息遗传下去,而这种机制如果也存在于组织细胞里,并且能够被激活,那么也有可能实现成熟个体的年轻化。

【原文摘录】Aging Cell, 2010; 9 (6): 991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00625.x
Carbonylated proteins are eliminated during reproduction in C. elegans.
Jérôme Goudeau, Hugo Aguilaniu.
Oxidatively damaged proteins accumulate with age in many species. This means that damage must be reset at the time of reproduction. To visualize this resetting in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, a novel immunofluorescence technique that allows the detection of carbonylated proteins in situ was developed. The application of this technique revealed that carbonylated proteins are eliminated during C. elegans reproduction. This purging occurs abruptly within the germline at the time of oocyte maturation. Surprisingly, the germline was markedly more oxidized than the surrounding somatic tissues. Because distinct mechanisms have been proposed to explain damage elimination in yeast and mice, possible common mechanisms between worms and one of these systems were tested. The results show that, unlike in yeast, the elimination of carbonylated proteins in worms does not require the presence of the longevity-ensuring gene, SIR-2.1. However, similar to findings in mice, proteasome activity in the germline is required for the resetting of carbonylated proteins during reproduction in C. elegans. Thus, oxidatively damaged proteins are eliminated during reproduction in worms through the proteasome. This finding suggests that the resetting of damaged proteins during reproduction is conserved, therefore validating the use of C. elegans as a model to study the molecular basis of damage elimination.
 

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